Hardness Analysis of Ductile Iron Valve Manhole Covers: Performance Advantages and Future Prospects
1. Hardness Characteristics and Scientific Basis of Ductile Iron Manhole Covers Ductile iron typically exhibits a Brinell hardness (HB) range of 140–250HB, significantly higher than that of ordinary gray cast iron (180–220HB). This superior performance originates from its unique microstructure—graphite exists in a spherical form uniformly distributed within a ferrite or pearlite matrix. Through nodularization treatment (adding magnesium and rare earth elements), ductile iron retains the...
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